{"id":4070,"date":"2018-06-06T17:30:49","date_gmt":"2018-06-06T09:30:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.writtenchinese.com\/?p=4070"},"modified":"2022-06-04T11:26:35","modified_gmt":"2022-06-04T03:26:35","slug":"how-to-use-the-de-particles-in-chinese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.writtenchinese.com\/how-to-use-the-de-particles-in-chinese\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Use The Three ‘de’ Particles \u7684, \u5f97 & \u5730 in Chinese"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u7684, \u5f97 & \u5730: Three characters, three meanings, one tone<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

If you\u2019re still riding the Pinyin wave, the Chinese \u2018de\u2019 particles are pretty difficult to learn as they all have the same 5th \u2018neutral\u2019 tone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Once upon a time, my method was to stick a ‘de’ in every sentence just in case it was necessary (not the right way to go about it, that\u2019s for sure!). And for a long time, I assumed they were all the same character. Finding out otherwise was a surprise, but just another leg of my journey to conquering the Chinese language!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The three Chinese \u2018de\u2019 particles work as \u2018connectors\u2019 between other characters or clauses. As with many Chinese characters, all three of these characters have other meanings and tones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Click the links below to see more details about these characters:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7684<\/a> (de) is used after an attribute, or to indicate possession.
\u5730<\/a> (de) is used after a verb to modify the adjective.
\u5f97<\/a> (de) is used before a complement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are some examples of the three ‘de’ particles in use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u82b1\u6735\u3002<\/a> (m\u011bi l\u00ec de hu\u0101 du\u01d2) beautiful flowers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In this case, \u7f8e\u4e3d<\/a> (m\u011bi l\u00ec) ‘beautiful’ is the attribute or feature of the \u82b1\u6735<\/a> (hu\u0101 du\u01d2) flowers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/a>(r\u00e8n zh\u0113n de yu\u00e8 d\u00fa) read carefully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Here, \u5730<\/a> (de) turns the adjective \u8ba4\u771f<\/a> (r\u00e8n zh\u0113n) into the adverb \u2018carefully\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e72\u5f97\u4e0d\u9519\u3002<\/a>(g\u00e0n de b\u00f9 cu\u00f2) well done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The \u5f97<\/a> (de) is used here to preface the complement \u2018\u4e0d\u9519<\/a>\u2018 (b\u00f9 cu\u00f2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Below is a more detailed explanation of how to use each of the three Chinese \u2018de\u2019 particles:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7684 <\/a>(de)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. One of the ways that \u7684 (de) is used is to mark a feature or quality of a noun known as an attributive. It often connects an adjective with a noun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sentence pattern: adj + \u7684 + noun<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u84dd\u8272\u7684\u8863\u670d\u3002 <\/a>(l\u00e1n s\u00e8 de y\u012b fu) blue clothes (the clothes are blue)
adj + \u7684 + noun<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002<\/a> (t\u0101 sh\u00ec y\u012b g\u00e8 h\u011bn y\u014du xi\u00f9 de zu\u00f2 ji\u0101.) He is an excellent writer.
adj + \u7684 + noun<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u7684 (de) is also used as a possessive particle or to be \u2018of\u2019 something.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sentence pattern: noun + \u7684<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u56db\u5ddd\u7684\u5c0f\u5403\u5f88\u6709\u540d\u3002<\/a> (s\u00ec chu\u0101n de xi\u01ceo ch\u012b h\u011bn y\u01d2u m\u00edng.) Food of Sichuan is very famous.
noun + \u7684 + subject<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imagine that in this instance, \u7684 can be used in the same way that an apostrophe is in English ( \u2018s<\/strong>): Sichuan\u2019s<\/strong> food is very famous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

You can also see the \u7684 character in relation to possessive pronouns:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u7684<\/strong>\u624b\u673a\u3002<\/a> (w\u01d2 de<\/strong> sh\u01d2u j\u012b) My mobile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u7684<\/strong>\u676f\u5b50\u3002<\/a> (t\u0101 de<\/strong> b\u0113i zi) His cup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are some more advanced rules regarding the \u7684 (de) Chinese particle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7684 (de) With An Adjective<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1. When the adjective is monosyllabic, there\u2019s no need to add the Chinese particle, \u7684 (de).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9ad8\u5c71<\/span><\/a> (g\u0101o sh\u0101n) high mountain <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0f\u8239<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>xi\u01ceo<\/span> chu\u00e1n)<\/span> small boat<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If \u7684 (de) is added, it is to emphasize the adjective.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u597d\u7684\u97f3\u4e50<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>h\u01ceo de <\/span>y\u012bn<\/span> yu\u00e8)<\/span> nice music<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u65e7\u7684\u4e66\u5e97<\/span><\/a> (ji\u00f9 de <\/span>sh\u016b<\/span> di\u00e0n) <\/span>old bookstore <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. When the adjective is disyllabic, \u7684 (de) should almost always be added, especially when the adjective is used to describe a state.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u7099\u70ed\u7684\u9633\u5149<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>zh\u00ec r\u00e8 de <\/span>y\u00e1ng<\/span> gu\u0101ng)<\/span> burning sunshine<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b81\u9759\u7684\u591c\u665a<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>n\u00edng<\/span> j\u00ecng de y\u00e8<\/span> w\u01cen)<\/span> quiet night<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7684 (de) With A Noun<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

When the attribute is a noun, we almost always need to add \u7684 (de).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u6811\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6<\/span><\/a> (sh\u00f9 de <\/span>g\u0101o<\/span> d\u00f9)<\/span> the tree\u2019s height<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u751c\u871c\u7684\u543b<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>ti\u00e1n<\/span> m\u00ec de <\/span>w\u011bn)<\/span> sweet kiss<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee3\u592b\u7684\u6d77<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>m\u01ce<\/span> \u011br<\/span> d\u00e0i<\/span> f\u016b de <\/span>h\u01cei)<\/span> the sea of Maldives<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are some exceptions, for example:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. When the noun-noun attribute phrase is a name of something or a title, there\u2019s no need to add \u7684 (de).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u725b\u8089<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>ni\u00fa<\/span> r\u00f2u)<\/span> beef<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7235\u58eb\u4e50<\/span><\/a> (ju\u00e9 sh\u00ec yu\u00e8) jazz<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. <\/span>When a noun phrase is used to indicate a state of subordination, \u7684 (de) should be used. However, when the noun phrase is used to indicate property, \u7684 (de) can sometimes be removed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u662f\u82f1\u96c4\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2<\/span><\/a>\u3002(<\/span>t\u0101 <\/span>sh\u00ec <\/span>y\u012bng<\/span> xi\u00f3ng de <\/span>m\u01d4<\/span> q\u012bn) <\/span>She is the hero\u2018s mom.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u6709\u4e2a\u82f1\u96c4\u6bcd\u4eb2<\/span><\/a>\u3002(t\u0101 <\/span>y\u01d2u <\/span>g\u00e8 <\/span>y\u012bng<\/span> xi\u00f3ng <\/span>m\u01d4<\/span> q\u012bn<\/span>) She has a heroic mom.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u5f88\u591a<\/span><\/a>\u3002(zh\u014dng gu\u00f3 de <\/span>p\u00e9ng<\/span> you <\/span>h\u011bn <\/span>du\u014d) <\/span>China has many friends.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u670b\u53cb<\/span><\/a>\u3002(t\u0101 <\/span>y\u01d2u <\/span>y\u012b<\/span> g\u00e8 <\/span>zh\u014dng gu\u00f3<\/span> p\u00e9ng<\/span> you)<\/span> He has a Chinese friend.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7684 (de) With a Pronoun<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

When the attribute is a pronoun, we usually need to add \u7684 (de).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u7684\u753b<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>n\u01d0<\/span> de <\/span>hu\u00e0)<\/span> your painting<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u7684\u7237\u7237<\/span><\/a> (w\u01d2 de <\/span>y\u00e9<\/span> ye)<\/span> my grandfather<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u7684\u623f\u95f4<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>t\u0101 de <\/span>f\u00e1ng<\/span> ji\u0101n)<\/span> his room<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u94a5\u5319<\/span><\/a>\uff1f(<\/span>zh\u00e8 sh\u00ec <\/span>sh\u00e9i de <\/span>y\u00e0o<\/span> shi)<\/span> whose key is this?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are some examples when \u7684 (de) doesn\u2019t need to be included:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. When the pronoun attribute phrase is included in a longer sentence, \u7684 (de) doesn\u2019t always have to included.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u7684\u623f\u95f4 \u2192 \u6211\u53bb\u4e86\u5979\u623f\u95f4<\/span><\/a>\u3002(<\/span>t\u0101 de <\/span>f\u00e1ng<\/span> ji\u0101n <\/span>\u2192 <\/span>w\u01d2 <\/span>q\u00f9 le <\/span>t\u0101 <\/span>f\u00e1ng<\/span> ji\u0101n)<\/span> I went to her room.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u7684\u773c\u775b \u2192 \u6211\u773c\u775b\u75bc<\/span><\/a>\u3002(<\/span>w\u01d2<\/span> de <\/span>y\u01cen<\/span> jing <\/span>\u2192 <\/span>w\u01d2<\/span> <\/span>y\u01cen<\/span> jing <\/span>t\u00e9ng)<\/span> My eyes hurt.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. If the object is a country, group or company, \u7684 (de) doesn\u2019t have to be included.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span><\/a> (w\u01d2 men <\/span>gu\u00f3<\/span> ji\u0101)<\/span> our country<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u4eec\u516c\u53f8<\/span><\/a> (<\/span>n\u01d0<\/span> men <\/span>g\u014dng<\/span> s\u012b)<\/span> your company<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. When the object is a relationship title or is monosyllabic, then \u7684 (de) can be removed from the sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u59b9\u59b9\u5f88\u53ef\u7231<\/span><\/a>\u3002(<\/span>t\u0101 m\u00e8i mei <\/span>h\u011bn k\u011b<\/span> \u00e0i)<\/span> Her younger sister is very cute.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5f1f\u88ab\u6211\u5988\u63cd\u4e86\u4e00\u987f<\/span><\/a>\u3002(w\u01d2 d\u00ec <\/span>b\u00e8i <\/span>w\u01d2 <\/span>m\u0101 <\/span>z\u00f2u le <\/span>y\u012b <\/span>d\u00f9n)<\/span> My brother was beaten up by my mom.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7684 (de) With a Verb<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1. <\/b>When the verb-noun attributive phrase is a name of something or a title, there\u2019s no need to add \u7684 (de).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u70e4\u9e2d<\/span><\/a> (k\u01ceo y\u0101) roast duck<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u538b\u7f29\u6587\u4ef6<\/span><\/a> (y\u0101 su\u014d <\/span>w\u00e9n<\/span> ji\u00e0n)<\/span> compressed files<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/a> (sh\u01d0 y\u00f2ng <\/span>shu\u014d<\/span> m\u00edng)<\/span> instructions (for use)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. In some situations, without \u7684 (de), the phrase will become a verb-object phrase. To avoid the change in meaning, we must add \u7684 (de).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5199\u5b57<\/span><\/a> (xi\u011b z\u00ec) to write<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5199\u7684\u5b57<\/span><\/a> (xi\u011b de z\u00ec) writing<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u5531\u6b4c\u5f88\u597d\u542c<\/span><\/a>\u3002(t\u0101 <\/span>ch\u00e0ng<\/span> g\u0113 <\/span>h\u011bn h\u01ceo<\/span> t\u012bng) <\/span>She sings well.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u5531\u7684\u6b4c\u5f88\u597d\u542c<\/span><\/a>\u3002 (t\u0101 <\/span>ch\u00e0ng de<\/span> g\u0113 <\/span>h\u011bn h\u01ceo<\/span> t\u012bng)<\/span> She sang the song well.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u7684 (de) in a Short Phrase<\/b><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

When the attribute is a short phrase, we need to add \u7684 (de).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u7a7f\u767d\u88d9\u5b50\u7684\u5973\u5b69<\/span><\/a> (chu\u0101n <\/span>b\u00e1i q\u00fan<\/span> zi de <\/span>n\u01da<\/span> h\u00e1i)<\/span> girl in a white dress<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u624d\u534e\u7684\u5c11\u5e74<\/span><\/a> (y\u01d2u <\/span>c\u00e1i<\/span> hu\u00e1 de <\/span>sh\u00e0o<\/span> ni\u00e1n)<\/span> talented boy<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5730<\/a> (de)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This \u2018de\u2019 particle is known as the adverbial, meaning it changes an adjective into an adverb. You can think of it as most often being the equivalent of \u2018-ly\u2019 in English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sentence pattern: adv + \u5730 + adj \/ verb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u4f24\u5fc3\u5730\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/a>(t\u0101 sh\u0101ng x\u012bn de l\u00ed k\u0101i le xu\u00e9 xi\u00e0o.) She sadly left school.
adv + \u5730 + verb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u5929\u6e10\u6e10\u5730\u51b7\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002<\/a>(ti\u0101n ji\u00e0n ji\u00e0n de l\u011bng q\u01d0 lai le.) The days are gradually getting colder.
time adv + \u5730 + adj<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5730 is also a character meaning ground or earth and has the Pinyin d\u00ec. You can see that on the left side, the radical \u571f can be seen. \u5730 (d\u00ec), is used in words such as \u5730\u65b9<\/a> (d\u00ec fang) = place and \u5730\u94c1<\/a> (d\u00ec ti\u011b) = metro)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f97<\/a> (de)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The final \u2018de\u2019 is commonly used to mark a complement. A complement is a word that follows a verb to make a sentence complete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sentence pattern: adj \/ verb + \u5f97<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u804a\u5f97\u5f88\u5f00\u5fc3\u3002<\/a>(j\u012bn ti\u0101n w\u01d2 men li\u00e1o de h\u011bn k\u0101i x\u012bn.) Today we chatted happily.
verb + \u5f97 + complement<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u51e0\u5929\u70ed\u5f97\u5f88\u3002<\/a>(zh\u00e8 j\u01d0 ti\u0101n r\u00e8 de h\u011bn) The past few days have been very hot.
adj + \u5f97 + complement<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you want to see more example sentences and explanations for the particles \u7684, \u5730 and \u5f97, visit our Online Dictionary.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u7684, \u5f97 & \u5730: Three characters, three meanings, one tone If you\u2019re still riding the Pinyin wave, the Chinese \u2018de\u2019 particles are pretty difficult to learn as they all have the same 5th \u2018neutral\u2019 tone. Once upon a time, my method was to stick a ‘de’ in every sentence just in case it was necessary… Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[142,3],"tags":[259,233,345],"class_list":["use-editor no-single","post-4070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-learner-tips","tag-beginners","tag-grammar","tag-intermediate"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow to Use The Three 'de' Particles \u7684, \u5f97 & \u5730 in Chinese<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There are three 'de' particles in Mandarin Chinese. Find how to use them correctly, with explanations and example sentences.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.writtenchinese.com\/how-to-use-the-de-particles-in-chinese\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Use The Three 'de' Particles \u7684, \u5f97 & \u5730 in Chinese\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There are three 'de' particles in Mandarin Chinese. 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