{"id":5605,"date":"2016-07-15T16:41:06","date_gmt":"2016-07-15T08:41:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.writtenchinese.com\/?p=5605"},"modified":"2022-06-03T22:17:02","modified_gmt":"2022-06-03T14:17:02","slug":"you-me-this-that-pronouns-in-chinese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.writtenchinese.com\/you-me-this-that-pronouns-in-chinese\/","title":{"rendered":"You & Me. This & That: Pronouns in Chinese"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Personal Pronouns in Chinese \u4eba\u79f0\u4ee3\u8bcd (r\u00e9n ch\u0113ng d\u00e0i c\u00ed)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Personal<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

One of the first words you probably need to learn is \u2018I\u2019 \u6211<\/a> (w\u01d2). Although in Chinese, you can often get away with missing off the \u6211 (w\u01d2) \u2018I\u2019 in spoken Chinese, it is important to use it within written Chinese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The word for \u2018you\u2019 is \u4f60<\/a> (n\u01d0) and can also be used in its formal version \u60a8<\/a> (n\u00edn), which is used to show respect to elders or superiors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do you know that in spoken Chinese, the words for he she and it are all the same? In a conversation with someone, it\u2019s easy to ask the other person for clarification, but what happens in written Chinese? Luckily, personal pronouns in the written language of Mandarin Chinese have different characters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6<\/a> (t\u0101) – he<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5979<\/a> (t\u0101) – she<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b83<\/a> (t\u0101) – it<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you know a little about radicals in Chinese, you might know that usually, the meaning of the character is on the left, and the pronunciation is on the right side. Both the characters for he and she have the same radical to suggest the way it is spoken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The left side of the character for he \u4ed6 (t\u0101) has the person radical \u4eba<\/a>\/ \u4ebb<\/a> (r\u00e9n), suggesting male origins. The character for \u2018she\u2019 \u5979 (t\u0101), has the female radical \u5973<\/a> (n\u01da) to the left of it, which indicates it is female.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plurals<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Personal<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In order to pluralize personal pronouns in Chinese and create \u2018we\u2019, \u2018us\u2019 \u2018they\u2019 or \u2018them\u2019, you simply add \u4eec<\/a> (men).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec<\/a> (w\u01d2 men) – us\/we<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u4eec<\/a> (n\u01d0 men) – you (plural)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u4eec<\/a> (t\u0101 men) – they\/them<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u4eec<\/a> (t\u0101 men) – they\/them<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b83\u4eec<\/a> (t\u0101 men) – they\/them<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u4eec\u53bb\u5916\u9762\u5403\u996d<\/a>\u3002(t\u0101 men q\u00f9 w\u00e0i mian ch\u012b f\u00e0n.) – They went out to eat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Possessive  \u7269\u4e3b\u4ee3\u8bcd (w\u00f9 zh\u01d4 d\u00e0i c\u00ed)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Technically, the Chinese language does not have possessive pronouns, but it classed as a rule of the \u7684<\/a> (de) particle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To make a pronoun \u2018possessive\u2019, you add the \u7684 (de) particle. Although the \u7684 (de) particle has many uses, at the moment it is enough to know that it makes pronouns possessive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u7684<\/a> (w\u01d2 de) – mine<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u7684<\/a>\/\u60a8\u7684<\/a> (n\u01d0 de\/n\u00edn de) – yours<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u7684<\/a> (t\u0101 de) – his<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u7684<\/a> (t\u0101 de) – hers<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If you want to say \u2018my cup\u2019, it would look like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u7684\u676f\u5b50<\/a>\u3002(w\u01d2 de b\u0113i zi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me (s) cup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the case of alienable possession (if the object is close to the subject like a family member), the \u7684 (de) particle can be removed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5988<\/a>\u3002(w\u01d2 m\u0101) My mother.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, to say ours, theirs or yours add the \u7684 (de) particle to the plural pronoun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u7684<\/a> (w\u01d2 men de) – ours<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u4eec\u7684<\/a> (n\u01d0 men de) – yours<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684<\/a> (t\u0101 men de) – theirs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u4eec\u7684<\/a> (t\u0101 men de) – theirs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reflexive Pronouns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Reflexive<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

To refer to the \u2018self\u2019 in Chinese, we add the bigram \u81ea\u5df1<\/a> (z\u00ec j\u01d0) to a personal pronoun:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u81ea\u5df1<\/a> (w\u01d2 z\u00ec j\u01d0) – myself<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1<\/a> (n\u01d0 z\u00ec j\u01d0) – yourself<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1<\/a> (t\u0101 z\u00ec j\u01d0) – himself<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5979\u81ea\u5df1<\/a> (t\u0101 z\u00ec j\u01d0) – herself<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1<\/a> (w\u01d2 men z\u00ec j\u01d0) – ourselves<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8bf7\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1<\/a>\u3002(q\u01d0ng y\u00f2ng y\u012b j\u00f9 hu\u00e0 ji\u00e8 sh\u00e0o n\u01d0 z\u00ec j\u01d0.) Please introduce yourself in one sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interrogative Pronouns \u7591\u95ee\u4ee3\u8bcd (y\u00ed w\u00e8n d\u00e0i c\u00ed)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Interrogative<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Interrogative pronouns are \u2018question\u2019 words that express an enquiry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8c01<\/a> (sh\u00e9i) – Who<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u662f\u8c01<\/a>\uff1f(t\u0101 sh\u00ec sh\u00e9i) Who is he?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ec0\u4e48<\/a> (sh\u00e9n me) – What<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/a>? (zh\u00e8 sh\u00ec sh\u00e9n me) What is this?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u54ea\u4e2a<\/a> (n\u01ce ge) – Which<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u73a9\u5177\uff0c\u4f60\u559c\u6b22\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a<\/a>\uff1f(zh\u00e8 li\u01ceng g\u00e8 w\u00e1n j\u00f9, n\u01d0 x\u01d0 huan n\u01ce y\u012b g\u00e8)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Which of these two toys do you prefer?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48<\/a> (w\u00e8i sh\u00e9n me) – Why<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e48\u665a\u4e86\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f60\u8fd8\u4e0d\u56de\u5bb6<\/a>\uff1f(zh\u00e8 me w\u01cen le, w\u00e8i sh\u00e9n me n\u01d0 h\u00e1i b\u00f9 hu\u00ed ji\u0101.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It’s late. Why don’t you go home?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u600e\u4e48<\/a> (z\u011bn me) – How<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u600e\u4e48\u89e3\u51b3<\/a>\uff1f(zh\u00e8 ge w\u00e8n t\u00ed z\u011bn me ji\u011b ju\u00e9)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How do we solve this problem?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019<\/a> (sh\u00e9n me sh\u00ed hou) – When<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd<\/a>\uff1f (n\u01d0 sh\u00e9n me sh\u00ed hou l\u00e1i zh\u014dng gu\u00f3.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When will you come to China?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<p< p=””><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u54ea\u91cc<\/a> (n\u01ce l\u01d0) – Where<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5fd8\u8bb0\u628a\u94a5\u5319\u653e\u54ea\u91cc\u4e86<\/a>\u3002(w\u01d2 w\u00e0ng j\u00ec b\u01ce y\u00e0o shi f\u00e0ng n\u01ce l\u01d0 le)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I have forgotten where I put my keys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51e0<\/a> (j\u01d0) How much\/How many<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u51e0\u70b9\u89c1\u9762<\/a>\uff1f(w\u01d2 men j\u01d0 di\u01cen ji\u00e0n mi\u00e0n)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When shall we meet?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u591a<\/a> (du\u014d) – Many\/Much<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u82b1\u4e86\u591a\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5199\u4f5c\u4e1a<\/a>\uff1f(n\u01d0 hu\u0101 le du\u014d ch\u00e1ng sh\u00ed ji\u0101n xi\u011b zu\u00f2 y\u00e8.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How much time did you spend on your homework?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rules for Interrogative Pronouns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

There are some rules regarding interrogative pronouns. Here are some examples of when to use these pronouns:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For people or things use: \u8c01 (sh\u00e9i) – who, \u4ec0\u4e48  (sh\u00e9n me) – what, \u54ea (n\u01ce) which<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For place or location use: \u54ea\u513f (n\u01cer) or \u54ea\u91cc (n\u01ce l\u01d0)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For time use: \u54ea\u4f1a\u513f<\/a> (n\u01ce hu\u00ec er) or \u591a\u4f1a\u513f<\/a> (du\u014d hu\u00ec er)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For status, actions, method or property use: \u600e\u4e48 (z\u011bn me) or \u600e\u4e48\u6837<\/a> (z\u011bn me y\u00e0ng)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For quantity use: \u591a<\/a> (du\u014d), \u591a\u5c11<\/a> (du\u014d shao) or \u51e0<\/a> (j\u01d0).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Generally, the usage of \u51e0 (j\u01d0), is almost the same as \u591a\u5c11 (du\u014d shao), so they can replace each other. However, \u591a (du\u014d) can also be used to ask for levels or amounts such as \u591a\u957f<\/a> (du\u014d ch\u00e1ng) meaning \u2018how long\u2019 or \u591a\u5927 (du\u014d d\u00e0) meaning \u2018how large\u2019, whereas \u51e0 (j\u01d0) can not be used in this way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When interrogative pronouns are used in the way that relative pronouns are used in English, then there should be always be an adverb such as \u90fd<\/a> (d\u014du) or \u4e5f<\/a> (y\u011b). These characters are interchangeable as they have almost the same meaning. Sometimes they will be used with words such as \u4e0d\u7ba1<\/a> (b\u00f9 gu\u01cen) or \u65e0\u8bba<\/a> (w\u00fa l\u00f9n) to create emphasis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If \u90fd (d\u014du) or \u4e5f (y\u011b) are removed from the sentences below, they no longer have the same meaning. The first example shows the sentence with \u90fd (d\u014du) or \u4e5f (y\u011b), the second shows it without.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8c01<\/a>\u4e5f<\/a>\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u5728\u54ea\u513f\u4e86<\/a>\u3002(sh\u00e9i y\u011b b\u00f9 zh\u012b dao t\u0101 z\u00e0i n\u01cer le) – No one knows where he is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2260 \u8c01\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u5728\u54ea\u513f\u3002 Every knows where he is (don\u2019t they?)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f60\u4ec0\u4e48<\/a>\u90fd<\/a>\u4e0d\u61c2<\/a>\u3002(n\u01d0  sh\u00e9n me d\u014du b\u00f9 d\u01d2ng) – You know nothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2260 \u4f60\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u61c2\u3002 You know everything (don’t you?)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Take a look at the Chinese sentence type<\/a> blog post to find out more about this interrogative sentence pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0d\u7ba1<\/a>\u600e\u4e48\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ed6<\/a>\u90fd<\/a>\u4e0d\u660e\u767d<\/a>\u3002(b\u00f9 gu\u01cen z\u011bn me ji\u011b sh\u00ec, t\u0101 d\u014du b\u00f9 m\u00edng bai.) – No matter how it has been explained, he is unable to understand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indefinite Pronouns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Since there are no clear cut way to translate English indefinite pronouns into their Chinese equivalents, the words we know in the English language such as \u2018anything\u2019 and \u2018something\u2019 etc are not indefinite pronouns in Chinese. In the English language, indefinite pronouns are words that include some-, any-, every- etc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here are the some of the ways you can translate the English indefinite pronouns into Chinese:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b(\u60c5)<\/a> \/ \u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f<\/a> (r\u00e8n h\u00e9 sh\u00ec (q\u00edng) \/ r\u00e8n h\u00e9 d\u014dng xi) – Anything<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b(\u60c5)<\/a> \/ \u6709\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f<\/a> (y\u01d2u xi\u0113 sh\u00ec (q\u00edng) \/ y\u01d2u xi\u0113 d\u014dng xi) – Something<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6709\u4eba<\/a>\/\u67d0\u4eba<\/a> (y\u01d2u r\u00e9n\/m\u01d2u r\u00e9n) – Someone<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bcf<\/a>(\u4e2a)<\/a>\u4eba<\/a>\/\u4eba\u4eba<\/a> (m\u011bi (g\u00e8) r\u00e9n \/ r\u00e9n r\u00e9n – Everyone<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba<\/a> (r\u00e8n h\u00e9 r\u00e9n) – Anyone<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demonstrative Pronouns \u6307\u793a\u4ee3\u8bcd (zh\u01d0 sh\u00ec d\u00e0i c\u00ed)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Demonstrative<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This and That<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9<\/a> (zh\u00e8) and \u90a3<\/a> (n\u00e0) can be used as both demonstratives and specifiers. A demonstrative is used to \u2018point out\u2019 an item, so that it is not confused with another object. These two characters will be used as \u8fd9<\/a> (zh\u00e8) \u2018this\u2019 and  \u90a3<\/a> (n\u00e0) \u2018that\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u6837<\/a> (zh\u00e8 y\u00e0ng) – like this\/this way<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e48<\/a> (zh\u00e8 me) – this much<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4f1a\u513f<\/a> (zh\u00e8 hu\u00ecr) – at this moment<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u6837<\/a> (n\u00e0 y\u00e0ng) – that kind<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u4e48<\/a> (n\u00e0 me) – like that<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u4f1a\u513f<\/a> (n\u00e0 hu\u00ecr) – never been seen<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u662f\u6211\u7684\u88ab\u5b50<\/a>\u3002(n\u00e0 shi w\u01d2 de b\u00e8i zi.) That is my quilt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These and Those<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

This \u8fd9 (zh\u00e8) and that \u90a3 (n\u00e0) can be turned into plurals by adding the character \u4e9b<\/a> (xi\u0113), meaning \u2018few\u2019 or \u2018several\u2019. \u8fd9\u4e9b<\/a> (zh\u00e8 xi\u0113) be used to say \u2018these\u2019 and \u90a3\u4e9b<\/a> (n\u00e0 xi\u0113) for \u2018those\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here and There<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u513f<\/a>\/\u8fd9\u91cc<\/a> (zh\u00e8r \/ zh\u00e8 l\u01d0) – Here<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u90a3\u513f<\/a>\/\u90a3\u91cc<\/a> (n\u00e0r \/ n\u00e0 li) – There<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are several ways to pronounce here and there in Chinese. In the north of China, especially in Beijing, the first \u8fd9\u513f (zh\u00e8r) and \u90a3\u513f (n\u00e0r) pronunciations are common. Whereas the \u8fd9\u91cc (zh\u00e8 l\u01d0) and \u90a3\u91cc (n\u00e0 li) pronunciations are used in the south.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sometimes \u8fd9\u513f (zh\u00e8r) and \u90a3\u513f (n\u00e0r) are used at the beginning of a sentence as a subject and can be, but not necessarily followed by the preposition \u5728<\/a> (z\u00e0i). Take a look at our article about the \u5728 character here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f<\/a>\u3002(z\u00e0i zh\u00e8 l\u01d0 y\u01d2u h\u011bn du\u014d d\u014dng xi.) There is a lot of stuff here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If they are not the subject, then the \u5728 (z\u00e0i) preposition must be used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5de5\u4f5c<\/a>\u3002(w\u01d2 z\u00e0i zh\u00e8 l\u01d0 g\u014dng zu\u00f2) I work here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exercises<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. How do you say ‘myself’ in Chinese?’<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. The Chinese characters for this and that are \u8fd9 (zh\u00e8) and \u90a3 (n\u00e0). Create mnumonics (a story or picture) to help you remember which one is which and post them in the Written Chinese Dictionary<\/a>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Does the Chinese language have possessive pronouns? What is used to indicate a ‘possessive’ word?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Personal Pronouns in Chinese \u4eba\u79f0\u4ee3\u8bcd (r\u00e9n ch\u0113ng d\u00e0i c\u00ed) One of the first words you probably need to learn is \u2018I\u2019 \u6211 (w\u01d2). Although in Chinese, you can often get away with missing off the \u6211 (w\u01d2) \u2018I\u2019 in spoken Chinese, it is important to use it within written Chinese. The word for \u2018you\u2019 is \u4f60 (n\u01d0) and can also… Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5607,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[142,3],"tags":[233],"class_list":["use-editor no-single","post-5605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-learner-tips","tag-grammar"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nYou & Me. 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